| Verf.angabe: | Johannes R. Lemke, Kirsten Geider, Katherine L. Helbig, Henrike O. Heyne, Hannah Schütz, Julia Hentschel, Carolina Courage, Christel Depienne, Caroline Nava, Delphine Heron, Rikke S. Møller, Helle Hjalgrim, Dennis Lal, Bernd A. Neubauer, Peter Nürnberg, Holger Thiele, Gerhard Kurlemann, Georgianne L. Arnold, Vikas Bhambhani, Deborah Bartholdi, Christeen Ramane J. Pedurupillay, Doriana Misceo, Eirik Frengen, Petter Strømme, Dennis J. Dlugos, Emily S. Doherty, Emilia K. Bijlsma, Claudia A. Ruivenkamp, Mariette J.V. Hoffer, Amy Goldstein, Deepa S. Rajan, Vinodh Narayanan, Keri Ramsey, Newell Belnap, Isabelle Schrauwen, Ryan Richholt, Bobby P.C. Koeleman, Joaquim Sá, Carla Mendonça, Carolien G.F. de Kovel, Sarah Weckhuysen, Katia Hardies, Peter De Jonghe, Linda De Meirleir, Mathieu Milh, Catherine Badens, Marine Lebrun, Tiffany Busa, Christine Francannet, Amélie Piton, Erik Riesch, Saskia Biskup, Heinrich Vogt, Thomas Dorn, Ingo Helbig, Jacques L. Michaud, Bodo Laube, Steffen Syrbe |
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| Abstract: | Objective: To determine the phenotypic spectrum caused by mutations in GRIN1 encoding the NMDA receptor subunit GluN1 and to investigate their underlying functional pathophysiology. Methods: We collected molecular and clinical data from several diagnostic and research cohorts. Functional consequences of GRIN1 mutations were investigated in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Results: We identified heterozygous de novo GRIN1 mutations in 14 individuals and reviewed the phenotypes of all 9 previously reported patients. These 23 individuals presented with a distinct phenotype of profound developmental delay, severe intellectual disability with absent speech, muscular hypotonia, hyperkinetic movement disorder, oculogyric crises, cortical blindness, generalized cerebral atrophy, and epilepsy. Mutations cluster within transmembrane segments and result in loss of channel function of varying severity with a dominant-negative effect. In addition, we describe 2 homozygous GRIN1 mutations (1 missense, 1 truncation), each segregating with severe neurodevelopmental phenotypes in consanguineous families. Conclusions: De novo GRIN1 mutations are associated with severe intellectual disability with cortical visual impairment as well as oculomotor and movement disorders being discriminating phenotypic features. Loss of NMDA receptor function appears to be the underlying disease mechanism. The identification of both heterozygous and homozygous mutations blurs the borders of dominant and recessive inheritance of GRIN1-associated disorders. |
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