Reconstructing and analyzing the invariances of low-dose CT image denoising networks

• Verfasst von: Eulig, Elias [VerfasserIn]
• Verfasst von: Jäger, Fabian [VerfasserIn]
• Verfasst von: Maier, Joscha [VerfasserIn]
• Verfasst von: Ommer, Björn [VerfasserIn]
• Verfasst von: Kachelrieß, Marc [VerfasserIn]
• Titel: Reconstructing and analyzing the invariances of low-dose CT image denoising networks
• Verf.angabe: Elias Eulig, Fabian Jäger, Joscha Maier, Björn Ommer, Marc Kachelrieß
• E-Jahr: 2025
• Jahr: January 2025
• Umfang: 13 S.
• Fussnoten: Gesehen am 14.03.2025
• Titel Quelle: Enthalten in: Medical physics
• Ort Quelle: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 1974
• Jahr Quelle: 2025
• Band/Heft Quelle: 52(2025), 1 vom: Jan., Seite 188-200
• ISSN Quelle: 2473-4209
• ISSN Quelle: 1522-8541
• DOI: doi:10.1002/mp.17413
• Datenträger: Online-Ressource
• Sprache: eng
• Sach-SW: computed tomography
• Sach-SW: deep learning
• Sach-SW: explainability
• Sach-SW: invariances
• Sach-SW: low-dose
• Sach-SW: robustness
• K10plus-PPN: 1919847294

Abstract

Background Deep learning-based methods led to significant advancements in many areas of medical imaging, most of which are concerned with the reduction of artifacts caused by motion, scatter, or noise. However, with most neural networks being black boxes, they remain notoriously difficult to interpret, hindering their clinical implementation. In particular, it has been shown that networks exhibit invariances w.r.t. input features, that is, they learn to ignore certain information in the input data. Purpose To improve the interpretability of deep learning-based low-dose CT image denoising networks. Methods We learn a complete data representation of low-dose input images using a conditional variational autoencoder (cVAE). In this representation, invariances of any given denoising network are then disentangled from the information it is not invariant to using a conditional invertible neural network (cINN). At test time, image-space invariances are generated by applying the inverse of the cINN and subsequent decoding using the cVAE. We propose two methods to analyze sampled invariances and to find those that correspond to alterations of anatomical structures. Results The proposed method is applied to four popular deep learning-based low-dose CT image denoising networks. We find that the networks are not only invariant to noise amplitude and realizations, but also to anatomical structures. Conclusions The proposed method is capable of reconstructing and analyzing invariances of deep learning-based low-dose CT image denoising networks. This is an important step toward interpreting deep learning-based methods for medical imaging, which is essential for their clinical implementation.